Exploring 13 Types of Knowledge Sources
Knowledge is understanding or awareness of something It can be gained through experience or other sources Types of knowledge include a posteriori, a priori, dispersed, domain, empirical, encoded, explicit, known unknowns, metaknowledge, procedural, propositional, situated, and tacit knowledge
Understanding something, whether it be a fact, description, or information, is known as knowledge. This comprehension can come from a variety of sources, such as experience, learning, perception, or discovery, and can be either practical or theoretical in nature. The concept of knowledge is highly philosophical, with a multitude of opinions on the various types of knowledge. Continue reading to explore the different types of knowledge that exist.
1) Posteriori knowledge :
Posteriori knowledge refers to knowledge that is acquired through direct experience. The term itself is derived from the Latin phrase “from which comes after”. Unlike the knowledge obtained from logical or mathematical processes, posteriori knowledge is developed through observations and empirical evidence.
A priori knowledge, derived from first principles, is a term of Latin origin which translates to "from before". It stands in contrast to posteriori knowledge, which is based on observations or experiences. Essentially, a priori knowledge is the foundation upon which all arguments, analyses, and assessments are built. This type of knowledge is frequently employed in logical thinking, mathematics, physics, and thought experiments, and is often used as evidence to develop and substantiate scientific theories. For instance, if you are aware that a classroom has 10 boys and 15 girls, this priori knowledge can assist in selecting a team of 2 boys and 2 girls from the class.
3) Dispersed knowledge :
Fragment 6: This type of knowledge commonly exists in the financial market because of its fast-moving nature. Different people concerned with a company have different knowledge about the company.
Rewritten: The fast-paced nature of the financial market often leads to dispersed knowledge, as individuals involved with a particular company may possess varying levels of insight about it.
Dispersed knowledge can lead to ambiguity for investors when evaluating a company's performance. While a banker may possess information regarding the financial health of the company, an insider could provide insights into recent deals and a customer may observe a decline in the quality of service. This diverse knowledge base can create uncertainty and make it challenging for investors to make informed decisions.
4) Domain knowledge :
Domain knowledge refers to a specialized understanding of a particular field or subject. It encompasses an expert's ability, information, and expertise in a specific area, profession, or activity. The term "domain" refers to a distinct area of focus or specialization. However, it's important to note that domain knowledge is not applicable to all subjects, such as mathematics and physics, as these fields have wide-ranging applications. While domain knowledge holds great significance within its specific area, it may not be useful outside of it. For instance, expertise in a programming language or proficiency in running speed is only valuable within the relevant domain.
5) Empirical knowledge :
Empirical knowledge refers to information that is obtained through observation, experimentation, or measurement, whether qualitative or quantitative. The term "empirical" originates from the Greek word "Empeiria," which means experience. This type of information can be used to confirm or refute the validity of an argument.
Encoded knowledge, also known as collective explicit knowledge, is transmitted through various symbols and signs such as books, manuals, codes of practice, notes, and documents. This type of knowledge plays a vital role in producing a consistent and predictable pattern of behavior and output within an organization.
Explicit knowledge, also known as expressive knowledge, can be easily articulated and organized into natural language such as English, German, or French. This makes it readily accessible and transmittable to others. Examples of explicit knowledge include information obtained from documents, encyclopedias, how-to-videos, or procedures.
8) Known unknowns :
Having knowledge of the unknowns can also help in avoiding mistakes and making better choices. It allows individuals to anticipate and prepare for potential challenges and obstacles. Overall, embracing the concept of known unknowns can lead to personal and professional growth and success.
9) Metaknowledge :
Unknown unknowns are a common challenge in decision making. These are things that we don't even know exist, so it's impossible to consider them in our choices. For example, a company might invest in a new technology without realizing that a competitor is already working on a similar product. This type of knowledge can have significant consequences, making it crucial to gather as much information as possible before making decisions.
Meta-knowledge pertains to knowledge about knowledge, such as defining tags, taxonomies, and models that aid in describing knowledge. Academic disciplines like epistemology, bibliography, and philosophy of knowledge are examples of fields that delve into meta-knowledge. In knowledge management and engineering, meta-knowledge serves as a crucial tool, encompassing activities such as planning, modeling, learning, and tagging domain knowledge.
10) Procedural knowledge :
Procedural knowledge involves understanding how to perform a task or process. However, this type of knowledge is highly job-specific and can be difficult to transfer to others. In the legal industry, procedural knowledge is often considered proprietary information that is acquired through company acquisition.
Procedural knowledge taps into a wider range of senses, including hands-on experience and problem-solving skills. Its uniqueness lies in the fact that each individual may have a distinct approach to accomplishing a similar task. In contrast, descriptive knowledge is acquired through action.
11) Propositional knowledge :
Propositional knowledge, which is also referred to as descriptive, declarative, or constative knowledge, can be expressed in either a natural language or a formal language like propositional logic or mathematics. For example, "a rose is a flower," "the Moon is a sub-planet of Earth," or "a+b is greater than b+c."
12) Situated knowledge :
13) Tacit knowledge :
Having a situated knowledge means having a unique perspective that is shaped by one's context. It allows for a deeper understanding of the complexities involved in analyzing different cultures and histories, especially when approaching them as an outsider. For instance, an American researcher may have a different interpretation of Indian culture than someone who is Indian themselves.
The acquisition of certain types of knowledge, such as musical proficiency or puzzle-solving abilities, can be challenging to convey, describe, or acquire. These capabilities are often linked to personal experiences that enable a select few to attain mastery in a specific field. Emotional intelligence is a prime example of tacit knowledge, as some individuals possess a natural inclination to utilize their emotions to achieve desired outcomes. Additionally, skills such as intuition, strategic thinking, problem-solving, and decision-making can also be considered tacit knowledge, as some people possess an innate aptitude for them.
