Addressing the Surge in Cancer Cases Among the Youth: Strategies for Risk Reduction

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There has been a troubling rise in new cancer cases among young people worldwide.

Early-onset cancers, which are cancer cases diagnosed in individuals under the age of 50, have seen a significant global increase of 79%.

In the United States, the American Cancer Society has observed a shift in the demographics of cancer patients, with a growing number of middle-aged individuals being diagnosed. While there has been a decrease in overall cancer incidence among adults over 50 from 1995 to 2020, there has been a noticeable rise in cancer cases among those under 50.

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Young people are experiencing higher rates of cancer. Should screening for cancer begin at a younger age? Who should be most worried? And what steps can younger individuals take to prevent cancer?

To address these questions, I had a conversation with CNN wellness expert Dr. Leana Wen. Dr. Wen is an emergency physician and adjunct associate professor at George Washington University, with previous experience as Baltimore's health commissioner.

CNN recently discussed the deadliest cancers in younger people with Dr. Leana Wen. According to a study published in BMJ Oncology in 2023, the types of early-onset cancer that have the highest death rates and global impact are breast cancer, tracheal, bronchus and lung cancer, and stomach and colorectal cancers.

In the United States, lung cancer, colorectal cancer, pancreatic cancer, and breast cancer are the four main causes of cancer deaths among older populations. A recent report from the American Cancer Society has brought attention to colorectal cancer, which is now the leading cause of cancer death in men under 50 and the second leading cause in women under 50.

The young adult male sits on the hospital room couch to talk with the hospital insurance specialist to update medical information.

The young adult male sits on the hospital room couch to talk with the hospital insurance specialist to update medical information.

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CNN: Why are cancer cases rising in people under 50?

Wen: There are several reasons why cancer cases are increasing in individuals under the age of 50. One factor is the rising rates of obesity, which has been linked to early-onset cancer. Additionally, changes in dietary habits, including the consumption of highly processed foods, and sedentary lifestyles have also been connected to higher cancer rates. Some experts also believe that environmental factors, such as exposure to carcinogens in the air, water, and food supply, may play a role in the increase of cancer cases.

CNN: Should people start screening for cancer at younger ages?

Wen: This question is quite complicated. I believe the best approach is to consider recommendations for the general population versus those tailored for each individual.

Most people are advised to follow guidelines from major medical organizations and federal policymaking bodies that are based on recommendations for individuals at average risk.

In the United States, the US Preventive Services Task Force suggests that individuals should start colon cancer screenings at age 45. There has been a recent draft recommendation from the task force that women should begin mammograms at age 40. These updates are changes to the previous guidelines. Prior to 2021, the recommendation was to start colon cancer screenings at age 50. The proposed change for mammograms was introduced last year and is still under consideration. Previously, most women were advised to begin mammograms at age 50.

Those with a family history of breast cancer may need to start mammograms at an earlier age.

Those with a family history of breast cancer may need to start mammograms at an earlier age.

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Such guidelines will continue to be revised. Researchers will consider factors such as changing demographics and effectiveness of screening tools.

People at average risk should adhere to the current guidelines. It is crucial for them to schedule an annual checkup with their doctor or primary care provider. During this time, they can go over all the necessary tests, including cancer screenings.

During the checkup, it is important to talk about whether their individual medical history puts them at a higher risk than average. This discussion is key in determining if they should start screenings earlier than what the guidelines recommend.

A cancer patient holds the IV tubes during chemotherapy.

A cancer patient holds the IV tubes during chemotherapy.

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As the world continues to age, the number of cancer cases is expected to increase, impacting some countries significantly.

For example, if a woman has a sister, mother, or other first-degree relative with breast cancer, their own risk of developing breast cancer is doubled. Having two first-degree relatives increases the risk by five times compared to the average. It is important for individuals to be aware of their family history as their healthcare provider may recommend additional steps, such as genetic testing. They may also need to begin mammograms or other screening tests at an earlier age.

Having a family history of colon cancer increases your risk of developing the disease. If you have a first-degree relative who has had colon cancer, it is important to talk to your doctor about starting colon cancer screenings earlier than the recommended age for the general population. People with inflammatory bowel disease like Crohn’s disease or certain inherited genetic conditions may also need to have a colonoscopy earlier than usual.

Young woman is having mammography examination at the hospital or private clinic with a professional female doctor.

Young woman is having mammography examination at the hospital or private clinic with a professional female doctor.

Povozniuk/iStockphoto/Getty Images

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CNN: Should everyone talk to their physician every year about cancer screenings?

Wen: Yes, and they should make sure to get the screenings that are recommended.

According to the American Cancer Society, 1 in 3 eligible individuals have never had colon cancer screenings. Additionally, some surveys show that up to 59% of women skip their annual mammograms.

There are several reasons why people may avoid these tests. They could be busy with work and caregiving duties, lack a primary care provider, or encounter barriers to healthcare access. Some individuals may also believe that they are young, healthy, and do not need these screenings because they feel fine.

Hero Images/Adobe Stock

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The alarming increase in cancer cases among younger individuals should serve as a wake-up call. Cancer often shows no symptoms in its initial stages, making regular screening crucial to catch it early. Early detection can significantly improve the chances of successful treatment.

CNN: What other advice do you have for young people in relation to cancer prevention and early detection?

It's important for individuals to be aware of their risks, especially when it comes to early-onset cancer. Knowing your family history and understanding if you have any other medical conditions or lifestyle factors that could increase your risk is crucial.

Take the time to learn about your family's history of cancer. Have any of your close relatives been diagnosed with cancer? Understand your own medical history and consult with your doctor to determine if any specific conditions may heighten your risk of cancer. Additionally, remember to discuss all lifestyle factors such as smoking, alcohol consumption, diet, and physical activity.

A sign of the World Health Organization (WHO) is seen in this photo taken on August 17, 2020, at their headquarters in Geneva during the COVID-19 pandemic.

(Photo by Fabrice COFFRINI / AFP) (Photo by FABRICE COFFRINI/AFP via Getty Images)

A photo taken in the late hours of August 17, 2020 shows a sign of the World Health Organization (WHO) at their headquarters in Geneva amid the COVID-19 outbreak, caused by the novel coronavirus. (Photo by Fabrice COFFRINI / AFP) (Photo by FABRICE COFFRINI/AFP via Getty Images)

Fabrice Coffrini/AFP/Getty Images

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CNN: Are there steps younger people can do to reduce their cancer risk?

Yes, smoking and heavy alcohol intake are major risk factors for cancer. Quitting smoking and reducing alcohol intake are important steps to lower your risk. Just one or two minutes of vigorous exercise a day can also help lower your risk, along with cutting back on ultraprocessed food. These lifestyle changes not only reduce the risk of cancer but also lower the chances of heart disease and premature death.

Editor's P/S:

The rise in early-onset cancer cases is a concerning trend that warrants attention. Factors such as obesity, dietary changes, and environmental exposure may contribute to this increase. It is crucial for young people to be aware of their family history and individual risk factors to take proactive steps towards prevention and early detection. Regular checkups with healthcare providers, especially for those with a family history of cancer, are essential.

Moreover, lifestyle modifications such as quitting smoking, reducing alcohol intake, maintaining a healthy weight, and engaging in regular physical activity can significantly lower the risk of developing cancer. By adhering to preventive measures and staying informed about cancer screenings, young individuals can empower themselves in the fight against this prevalent disease.